جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی گردشگری

جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی گردشگری

آسیب‌شناسی آموزش گردشگری در اسناد بالادستی و برنامه‌های توسعه جمهوری اسلامی ایران

نویسندگان
1 استادیار، گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.
2 مربی،گروه سیاستگذاری اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران.
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر به‌نحوی انتقادی به ارزیابی جایگاه آموزش گردشگری در برنامه‌های توسعه و اسناد بالادستی جمهوری اسلامی ایران می‌پردازد. با مروری دقیق بر اسناد ملی مرتبط، برنامه‌های راهبردی و متون قانونی، تلاش شده است تا نحوۀ مفهوم‌سازی و اجرایی‌سازی آموزش گردشگری در اسناد بالادستی و برنامه‌های پنج‌ساله توسعه کشور روشن گردد. به منظور تقویت قابلیت اتکاء و اعتبار یافته‌ها، دیدگاه‌های دو داور علمی خارج از تیم پژوهش نیز در تحلیل لحاظ شده است.یافته‌ها حکایت از آن دارد که وضعیت آموزش گردشگری برای توسعۀ منابع انسانی در این اسناد و برنامه‌ها مطلوب نیست. چالش‌های قابل توجهی شناسایی شد که از جملۀ آن­ها می‌توان به محدود شدن آموزش به دوره‌های نظری و کلاس‌محور، نادیده گرفتن برنامه‌های توانمندسازی جوامع محلی، فقدان یک الگوی آموزشی منسجم، جامع و یکپارچه برای بخش گردشگری اشاره کرد. اگرچه در برخی موارد به آموزش دانشجویان، دانش‌آموزان و ساکنان محلی در حوزه گردشگری توجه شده است، نبود یک چارچوب نظام‌مند و هماهنگ، اثربخشی این تلاش‌ها را محدود ساخته است. علاوه بر این، نهادهای میانجی و پشتیبان همچون سازمان صدا و سیمای جمهوری اسلامی ایران، انجمن‌های حرفه‌ای و سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد در ترویج آموزش گردشگری و ارتقای آگاهی عمومی تا حد زیادی نادیده گرفته شده‌اند. با توجه به اهمیت حیاتی آموزش برای توسعۀ پایدار گردشگری، این پژوهش بر ضرورت به‌روزرسانی، بومی‌سازی و تحول نظام آموزش گردشگری با تأکید بر الگوهای مشارکتی و همکاری‌محور تأکید می‌کند. در نهایت مجموعه‌ای از پیشنهادهای آینده‌نگرانه برای هدایت سیاست‌گذاران و دست‌اندرکاران در جهت طراحی نظام آموزشی کارآمدتر، فراگیرتر و آینده‌گرا در حوز آموزش گردشگری در ایران ارائه شده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Pathology of tourism education in documents and development programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran

نویسندگان English

Syed Mohammad Mousavi 1
Zahra Raji 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
2 Adjunct Professor, Department of Social Policy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Ira
چکیده English

The present study evaluates the position of tourism education in the development programs and higher-level documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a critical approach. In this study, an effort was made to assess the position of tourism education in the higher-level documents and five-year development plans through a review of relevant documents and laws, adopting a critical approach. To ensure the quality of the research, the opinions of two external reviewers were also considered. The findings indicate that the status of tourism education for human resources under the development documents and plans is not favorable. It faces challenges and issues such as limiting education to theoretical training, neglecting the education of local communities, and the lack of a comprehensive educational model. Despite attention to educating students, schoolchildren, and the local community about tourism, a comprehensive and unified educational model has been overlooked. Additionally, intermediary bodies such as the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) and non-governmental organizations have been neglected in facilitating education in this area. Given the undeniable importance of education in tourism and the identified gaps, it is suggested that the tourism education system be rapidly updated, adapted, and transformed with a focus on participatory models. Furthermore, recommendations are provided to achieve an optimal educational system.

Abbaszadegan, Saeed, and Turkzadeh, Jalal. (2004). Training Needs Assessment in Organizations. Tehran: Publishing Joint Stock Company.
Bapiiri, Jafar, Shafiei, Zahed, Mohammadian Mahmoudjiq, Nasim, Soltani Horand, Amin and Haji Ahmadi Formmehini, Taraneh. (1400). Pathology of the Iranian Short-Term Tourism Training System from the Stakeholder Approach. Tourism and Development, 10(4), 73-88. doi: 10.22034/jtd.2020.237797.2070
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (3rd ed.). The University of Chicago Press
Farooq, R. (2022). Do green human resource management and self-efficacy facilitate green creativity? A study of luxury hotels and resorts. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(4), 824–845. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2021.1891239.
Fayous Sola, A. (2000). Qualitative Training Method in the Tourism Industry (translated by Nasrollah Mostofi and Morteza Ahmadi). Tehran: Cultural Research Office.
Gholamhossein Nafisi. (2003). Studies for the 21st Century (Single Edition No. 9). Tehran: Education and Training Research Institute.
Gibson, P., & Clark, J. (2008). Television and tourism education: The role of broadcast media in raising awareness of tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 456-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.09.009.
Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2008). Tourism and media: The role of the media in promoting sustainable tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 732-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.03.003
Hall, C. M., & Page, S. J. (2014). The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place and space (4th ed.). Routledge.
Hassan, S., & Soliman, M. (2012). Tourism human resource development: The impact of training on performance. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(3), 182-193.
Higham, J., & Carr, N. (2003). Community-based tourism in developing countries: A framework for policy evaluation. Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(1), 35-47.
Juran, J. M. (1999). Juran's quality handbook (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Kara, F., & Demir, A. (2024). Community displacement challenges in educational tourism: A neglected consequence. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 35(2), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2024.2340984.
Karimi, S., & Zeynali, M. (2022). Sustainable ecotourism development strategies based on the potentials of local communities in Kahman tourist area in Selseleh County. Journal of Ecotourism, 12(3), 213-228.
Khodai, Zohreh, Kalantari Khalilabad, Hamed. (2012). Tourism Development with Emphasis on the Role of Human Resource Training. Urban Management Studies, 4(12), 47-59.
Khosnoudifar, Mehdi, and Yaghmouri, Sara. (2014). The Role of Education in Tourism Development (Case Study: Tourism in the Islamic Republic of Iran). Second National Conference on Applied Research in Geography and Tourism. Tehran
Kim, S., & Lee, H. (2023). Human resource development and professional skills for sustainable tourism growth. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(5), 885–903. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2157843.
Law on the Sixth Five-Year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2017). https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/1014547
 Lucas, R. (2004). Employment Relations in the Hospitality and Tourism Industries. Routledge.
Mahoney, S. P., & Reimer, B. (2003). The role of media in promoting sustainable tourism development. Journal of Tourism Research, 17(3), 87-102. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244022332954.
Marzano, G., & Mazzocchi, M. (2010). The role of press and media in sustainable tourism development. Sustainable Tourism Studies, 9(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10772-010-9209-x
McLaren, D., & McManus, P. (2005). Empowering communities through tourism: A framework for sustainable development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(4), 393-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580508668545.
Mohammadi Najafabadi, Abdolmajid, Etaabian Khorasgani, Akbar, Ebrahimzadeh Dastjerdi, Reza. (2000). Identifying and prioritizing solutions for human resource development in the tourism industry of Isfahan Province. Spatial Planning, 11(2), 1-24. doi: 10.22108/sppl.2020.119893.1439
Mousavi, Seyed Mohammad. (2025). Pathology of Denison's organizational culture model in tourism entrepreneurial organizations. Education and Management of Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 101-120. doi: 10.22126/eme.2025.12191.1179
Noe, R. A. (2017). Employee training and development (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
Philips,N.(2024). Tourism education and workforce development. Hospitality and Tourism Journal, 1(1), 48–60. https://forthworthjournals.org/journals/index.php/HTJ/article/view/70.
Rezaei, R., & Mohammadi, M. (2020). Developing empowerment strategies for local communities in rural sustainable development. Journal of Rural Studies, 33(2), 152-165.
Seyyed Javadin, Seyyed Javad. (2002). Fundamentals and Applications of Human Resources Management and Personnel Affairs. Tehran: Negah Publishing.
Shojaei, Mehdi, and Nouri, Nazanin. (2005). A Study of Government Policies in the Tourism Industry and a Model for Sustainable Development of the Country's Tourism Industry. Quarterly Journal of Management Knowledge, 20(1).
Silva, J. P., & Martins, C. (2023). The role of human capital quality in enhancing tourism service delivery. Tourism Management Perspectives, 40, 100945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100945
Singh, L. (2024). Enhancing resilience of human resource practices in the tourism and hospitality business of India during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 11(1), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-07-2023-0292.
Stokes, P. J., & Green, S. A. (2010). Building sustainable tourism education programs: A framework for local communities. Tourism Education Journal, 11(2), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toureduc.2009.12.002.
Talaei Shokri, Shahab, Shafia, Saeed. (2003). An Analytical Study of the Strategic Document for Tourism Development: Matching with Upstream Documents and Experts' Views. Tourism and Development, 12(3), 77-98. doi: 10.22034/jtd.2022.302645.2437
Tomasi, S., Paviotti, G., & Cavicchi, A. (2020). Educational tourism and local development: The role of universities. Sustainability, 12(15), 6053. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156053.
Weaver, D., & Lawton, L. (2006). Tourism education and community development in emerging markets: The role of local knowledge. Tourism Management, 27(4), 799-811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.10.010
  Yusoff, Y. M. (2020). Linking Green Human Resource Management Practices to Environmental Performance in Hotel Industry. Global Business Review, 21(3), 663–680. doi: 10.1177/0972150918779294.
Zargham, Hamid. (2004). Career Path and the Necessity of Human Resource Training in the Hotel and Tourism Industry. Quarterly Journal of Tourism Studies, 2(6).
Zhang, Z., Waszink, A., & Wijngaard, J. (2000). An instrument for measuring TQM implementation for Chinese manufacturing companies. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 17(7), 730–755.
Ziaei, Mahmoud (2004). The Status of Human Resource and Training in the Tourism Sector. Journal of Tourism Studies. Year 2. Issue